Method and System for Predictive Stratigraphy Images

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are provided for displaying and forecasting the lithology and wellbore conditions to be encountered while conducting drill string operations are conducted in a wellbore. A method and system is described for predicting and modeling lithology while operating a drill string in a wellbore, comprising: developing a 3-D lithological model of a subsurface area; projecting a well path through said subsurface area; determining an open cylinder lithology display of said projected well path; and recording said determined open cylinder display. The open cylinder lithology display (the Predictive Stratigraphy Image) may be displayed with geological or structural cross-sections to compare the well path and the predicted well path, with the actual subsurface environment. Data acquired during drilling operations can be used in real time to update the model or the Predictive Stratigraphy Image, and the results compared with Predictive Image Logs and other wellbore images and data.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/273,501, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,359,845 which claimed priorityfrom U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/627,569 filed on Nov.12, 2004.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the field of subsurface reservoir development,to a method of geosteering and for a system predicting the subsurfaceenvironment ahead of a drill bit. The methods and systems are relatedgenerally to drilling and measurement systems and more particularly to asystem of drilling boreholes having a measurement-while-drilling orlogging-while-drilling (MWD or LWD) tool wherein the tool measurementsare used to predict and guide the drilling operation.

2. Description of the Related Art

In the oil and gas industry, those skilled in the art have longrecognized the importance of obtaining various borehole measurementsduring the course of a drilling operation. Typically, these measurementsinclude such data as the weight imposed on the drill bit, the torqueapplied to the drill string, the inclination and azimuthal direction ofthe borehole interval that is then being drilled, borehole pressures andtemperatures, drilling mud conditions as well as formation parametersincluding, but not limited to, resistivity and natural gamma emission ofthe earth formations being penetrated. Heretofore most of thesemeasurements were obtained either by temporarily positioning specialmeasuring devices in the drill string or by periodically removing thedrill string and employing suitable wireline logging tools.

In recent years, however, the drilling technology has advancedsufficiently that these measurements can now be readily obtained byso-called measurement-while-drilling or “MWD” tools that are tandemlycoupled in the drill string and operated during the drilling operation.Several MWD tools presently in commercial operation typically include athick walled tubular body carrying various sensors and their associatedmeasurement-encoding circuitry often positioned in the drill string justabove the drill bit for measuring the conditions near the bottom of theborehole. These commercial tools generally employ a selectively-operableacoustic signaler which is cooperatively arranged in the tool body forsuccessively transmitting encoded measurement signals through thedrilling mud and/or within the drill string to the surface where thesignals are detected and recorded by suitable surface instrumentation.

The typical commercial MWD tool is arranged as a multi-sectional toolhaving various special-purpose modules that are respectively housed inseparable thick-walled bodies and suitably arranged to be coupledtogether in various combinations for assembling an MWD tool capable ofobtaining one or more selected measurements. The multiple sectionsrequire both mechanical and electrical connections, such as the priorart arrangement shown in FIG. 1. The illustrated components, known inthe prior art, include transmitters and sensors for determining downholeformation characteristics. The prior art methods and apparatus includedownhole tools comprising acoustic signal transmitters and sensors todetermine, for example, subsurface formation velocity as the tooltraverses the formation. This type of measurement does not provide fordetermining an image of subsurface formation reflectors before the drillbit has reached the reflectors. Downhole tools comprise one more sensorsubs for data acquisition and are not limited to gamma ray andresistivity methods.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,088,294 to Leggett et al, discloses an invention thatprovides a closed-loop system for drilling boreholes. The systemincludes a drill string having a drill bit and a downhole subassemblyhaving a plurality of sensors and MWD devices, a downhole computingsystem and a two-way telemetry system for computing downhole bedboundary information relative to the downhole subassembly. The downholesubassembly includes an acoustic MWD system which contains a first setof acoustic sensors for determining the formation acoustic velocitiesduring drilling of the wellbore and a second set of acoustic sensorsthat utilizes the acoustic velocities measured by the system fordetermining bed boundaries around the downhole subassembly. A computingsystem is provided within the downhole subassembly which processesdownhole sensor information and computes the various parameters ofinterest including the bed boundaries, during drilling of the wellbore.In one embodiment, the first and second sets (arrangements) of acousticsensors contain a transmitter and a receiver array, wherein thetransmitter and some of the receivers in the receiver array are commonto both sets of acoustic sensors. Each receiver in the receiver arrayfurther may contain one or more individual acoustic sensors. In oneconfiguration, the distance between the transmitter and the farthestreceiver in one of the acoustic sensor sets is substantially greaterthan the distance between the transmitter and center of the receivers inthe second set. The downhole computing system contains programmedinstructions, models, algorithms and other information, includinginformation from prior drilled boreholes, geological information aboutthe subsurface formations and the borehole drill path. This invention isdirected to determining formation boundaries adjacent (normal) to thelogging tool.

In drilling a borehole to recover oil from the earth, it is oftenhelpful to turn or steer the downhole drill bit toward, away, from orthrough subterranean targets. To facilitate steering drillers need toknow the subsurface drill bit location. The location of targets ahead ofthe bit may also be required, as well as some warning or indication ofdrilling hazards such as over-pressured formations or thin, shallow gasintervals. Surface seismic surveys generally include this type ofinformation, but resolution and depth location of these data may be poorbecause surface seismic surveys are time based (rather than depth based)and the low frequencies generally available are not conducive for highresolution. For example, to determine the depth of a reflection, a speedof sound for the earth formation must be known. Consequently, thesesystems require depth calibration to accurately determine locations oftarget horizons or drilling hazards. Traditionally, this calibration hasbeen provided by either offset well sonic data or wireline checkshotdata in the current well. Offset data is often inadequate however due tohorizontal variations in stratigraphy between wells.

There is a need to be able to plan complex well paths through subsurfacereservoirs for optimal placement to the most productive locations. Thereis a need for a method and system of receiving data from the vicinity ofthe drilling string generally and the drill bit particularly without theneed to halt drilling operations, and to model and predict accuratelythe subsurface reservoir conditions. Additionally, there is a need tovary such models and predictions as actual data from the subsurfacedrill path becomes available.

The methods of the present invention overcome the foregoingdisadvantages of the prior art by providing systems and methods formodeling and predicting subsurface conditions and adapting the modelwith subsurface data as the data are acquired as the drill stringoperations are conducted within the wellbore.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment is a method of evaluating an earth formation. The methodincludes making log measurements in a borehole at a plurality ofdrilling depths and a plurality of azimuthal sectors, identifying aplurality of regions of the log measurements along the borehole, whereina value of the log measurements within each of the regions issubstantially similar; determining a lithological property of the earthformation represented by each of the plurality of regions; associatingat least one of the plurality of regions with another one of theplurality of regions which has a similar value of the log measurements;producing a stratigraphic image of the earth using the association; andstoring the produced stratigraphic image of the earth formation incomputer memory.

Another embodiment is an apparatus for evaluating an earth formation,the apparatus includes a logging tool configured to make logmeasurements in a borehole at a plurality of drilling depths and aplurality of azimuthal sectors; and at least on processor configured toidentify a plurality of regions of the log measurements along theborehole, wherein a value of the log measurements within each of theregions is substantially similar, determine a lithological property ofthe earth formation represented by each of the plurality of regions,associate at least one of the plurality of regions with another one ofthe plurality of regions which has a similar value of the logmeasurements, produce a stratigraphic image of the earth using theassociation and store the produced stratigraphic image of the earthformation in computer memory.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For detailed understanding of the present invention, references shouldbe made to the following detailed description of the preferredembodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich like elements have been given like numerals, wherein:

FIG. 1 (prior art) is a schematic of a prior art MWD downhole tool;

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a drilling system according to one embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic of a downhole data acquisition system for use inone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4A is an illustration of sectors in a borehole

FIG. 4B illustrates a Predictive Stratigraphy Image according toprovisions of the present invention;

FIG. 4C illustrates the relationship of the borehole to the modeledstratigraphy;

FIG. 4D illustrates the relationship of the borehole to a PredictiveImage Log;

FIG. 5A illustrates the matrix of TSDs created using the modelgeometries;

FIG. 5B illustrates a lithological unit contoured with a matrix;

FIG. 6 illustrates closed and open geometries;

FIG. 7 illustrates areas delineated by open geometries;

FIG. 8 illustrates how areas of loops and incursions may be delineatedin relation to open geometries;

FIG. 9A illustrates the relationships of the PSI to the borehole andcross-sectional data;

FIG. 9B illustrates the relationships of the PSI to the borehole andcross-sectional data and property displays; and

FIG. 10 is a flow chart that illustrates the method and system providedby the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is a method and system for a displaying lithologyalong a well bore path and is useful for direct comparison withgeological and or structural cross-section displays. The lithologydisplay provided by the present invention (herein termed the PredictiveStratigraphy Image or PSI) may be displayed along with geologicalcross-sections and conventional well bore images as well as withproperty cross-section displays of the subsurface environment. Thepresent invention overcomes the deficiencies of prior methods, forexample the difficulty in choosing bed boundary positions directly fromimage logs and conventional logging measurements. Other advantages ofthe invention will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the artbased on the following detailed description. While the invention isherein described in connection with various embodiments, it will beunderstood that the invention is not limited thereto. To the extent thatthe following detailed description is specific to a particularembodiment or a particular use of the invention, this is intended to beillustrative and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of theinvention.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a drilling system 10 having adownhole assembly containing a downhole sensor system and the surfacedevices according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown,the system 10 includes a conventional derrick 11 erected on a derrickfloor 12 which supports a rotary table 14 that is rotated by a primemover (not shown) at a desired rotational speed. A drill string 20 thatincludes a drill pipe section 22 extends downward from the rotary table14 into a borehole 26. A drill bit 50 attached to the drill stringdownhole end disintegrates the geological formation 23 when it isrotated. The drill string 20 is coupled to a drawworks 30 via a kellyjoint 21, swivel 28 and line 29 through a system of pulleys (not shown).During the drilling operations, the drawworks 30 is operated to controlthe weight on bit and the rate of penetration of the drill string 20into the borehole 26. The operation of the drawworks is well known inthe art and is thus not described in detail herein.

During drilling operations a suitable drilling fluid (commonly referredto in the art as “mud”) 31 from a mud pit 32 is circulated underpressure through the drill string 20 by a mud pump 34. The drillingfluid 31 passes from the mud pump 34 into the drill string 20 via adesurger (not shown), fluid line 38 and the kelly joint 21. The drillingfluid is discharged at the borehole bottom S1 through an opening in thedrill bit 50. The drilling fluid circulates uphole through the annularspace 27 between the drill string 20 and the borehole 26 and isdischarged into the mud pit 32 via a return line 35. Preferably, avariety of sensors (not shown) are appropriately deployed on the surfaceaccording to known methods in the art to provide information aboutvarious drilling-related parameters, such as fluid flow rate, weight onbit, hook load, etc.

A surface control unit 40 receives signals from the downhole sensors anddevices via a sensor 43 placed in the fluid line 38 or other appropriateplaces and processes such signals according to programmed instructionsprovided to the surface control unit. The surface control unit 40displays desired drilling parameters and other information on adisplay/monitor 42 which information is utilized by an operator tocontrol the drilling operations. The surface control unit 40 contains acomputer, memory for storing data, data recorder and other peripherals.The surface control unit 40 also includes models and processes dataaccording to programmed instructions and responds to user commandsentered through a suitable means, such as a keyboard. The surfacecontrol unit 40 optionally includes and/or mirrors all the functionalityof the downhole data acquisition tool 58 as illustratednon-comprehensively in FIG. 3 including sensors, memory, at least oneprocessor, a clock and a communication port. The control unit 40 ispreferably adapted to activate alarms 44 when certain unsafe orundesirable operating conditions occur.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the downhole drillingassembly 59 (also referred to as the bottomhole assembly or “BHA”) whichcontains the various sensors and MWD devices to provide informationabout the formation 23 and downhole drilling parameters, is coupledbetween the drill bit 50 and the drill pipe 22.

Referring to FIG. 2, the BHA 59 also contains downhole sensors anddevices in addition to the above-described surface sensors to measuredownhole parameters of interest. Such devices include, but are notlimited to, a device for measuring the formation resistivity near thedrill bit, a gamma ray device for measuring the formation gamma rayintensity, devices for determining the inclination and azimuth of thedrill string, and pressure sensors for measuring drilling fluid pressuredownhole. The above-noted devices transmit data to the downhole PULSER(e.g., FIG. 1), which in turn transmits the data uphole to the surfacecontrol unit 40. The present invention may utilize a mud pulse telemetrytechnique or other communication technique to communicate data fromdownhole sensors and devices during drilling operations. A transducerplaced in the mud supply line 38 detects the mud pulses responsive tothe data transmitted by the downhole PULSER. Transducer 43 generateselectrical signals in response to the mud pressure variations andtransmits such signals via a conductor 45 to the surface control unit40. Alternatively, other telemetry techniques such electromagnetic andacoustic techniques or any other suitable technique may be utilized forthe purposes of this invention.

Referring to FIG. 3, the (downhole) data acquisition tool 58 mayadditionally comprise a combination of sensors 301 such as forresistivity, density, acoustic or radiation measurements as known in theart, along with suitable sensor interface circuitry 302, a processor303, and memory 304 for storage of programmed instructions and storageof received downhole data. A real time clock circuit 305 is alsoincluded in the data acquisition tool 58 to provide time stamps for thereceived seismic or other data signals. The surface located real-timeclock and the seismic receiver located real-time clock 305 aresynchronized at the surface before deploying the sensors of 58 into thewellbore 26 or into the drill string 20. A communications port 306 canbe included to download program instructions to memory 304 and to uploadstored data to a surface system such as a surface processor or controlunit 40. The receiver 58 is powered by batteries (not shown) or otherenergy source (e.g., fuel cells, downhole generator, wireline, etc.). Asimilar receiver that is deployable by slick-line is described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,555,220 to Minto, assigned to the assignee of thisapplication and incorporated herein by reference. While data acquisitionsystem 58 is illustrated in FIG. 2 at the terminal position within adrill string, the location and number of tool deployments are flexible.The (downhole) data acquisition tool 58 may further comprise additionalcombinations of sensors 307 such as for resistivity, density, acousticor radiation measurements as known in the art, along with suitablesensor interface circuitry 308, which also tie into a processor 303, andmemory 304 for storage of programmed instructions and storage ofreceived downhole data.

Navigation through a reservoir requires precise understanding of thereservoir geometry and the relative well positioning. To achieve this,synthetic real-time display of the reservoir physical characteristics isa valuable help. It is particularly important to have as many comparisonpoints as possible between the theoretical model and the real-time data.Geosteering or reservoir navigation, is the process of utilizing anyreal-time data (in most cases, drilling and LWD data) to accuratelyposition the wellbore relative to specific subsurface references andthree-dimensional spatial coordinates. One objective of geosteering isto optimize placement of the wellbore relative to the reservoir whileremaining within the constraints of the drilling and completion program.

The present invention provides for “Predictive Stratigraphy Images,”which for example may be implemented in software. The invention providesfor delivery of information about the lithology and the apparentstratigraphy as seen along a well path, and provides for directcomparison of the lithology along a well path to a cross-sectiongeological view of the subsurface, and well as direct comparison withconventional wireline logging information and downhole image loginformation. The Predictive Stratigraphy Images are displayed on a trackin an “open cylinder” style similar to a borehole “image log” typedisplay.

Borehole image logs are a valuable source of information for describingstructural framework, fracture patterns, sedimentary features, andin-situ stress orientation. In addition, high-resolution borehole imagesare used as an aid in conventional core description and orientation, aswell as in the selection of intervals for formation testing, sampling,and perforating. For thinly laminated, turbidite sands and othersequences, they are often the only practical method of determining netsand and pay thicknesses in the absence of conventional cores.

FIG. 4A illustrates how a well bore 26 may be divided into sectorscircumferentially for acquiring measurements that will be input tocreating image logs and/or input to the present invention. While eightsectors are used for illustration in this example, practitionersfamiliar with the art will know that the number of sectors for acquiringmeasurements in a borehole is arbitrary. Up to 64 measurement sectors ormore are possible for data acquisition in a well bore. FIG. 4Aarbitrarily contains eight sectors labeled A through H. For illustrationin a well bore that is not truly vertical, sector A is arbitrarilychosen as the “top” relative to the center of the earth. Sector E isthen chosen as the “bottom” of the eight sector example.

An example of a Predictive Stratigraphy Image provided by the presentinvention is illustrated in FIG. 4B where the relationships of thesectors to the arbitrarily position well bore is shown. The top sectorwould correspond to sector A of FIG. 4A and the bottom sector wouldcorrespond to sector E. The Measured depth is the measured depth (theactual distance) along the well bore track or path. The PredictiveStratigraphy Image is created from a model using known information. Themodel is created from, for example, offset well information incorporatedinto a 3D earth model created from petrophysical and geophysical data,especially well data and seismic data.

FIG. 4C illustrates schematically the well path as the borehole 26straddles a lithological boundary or horizon 411 of a vertical slicefrom a lithological 3-D model 407. The lithological boundary 411separates a first lithology 401 from a second lithology 403. As data areacquired from the different sectors (A-H) around the borehole 26, withknown dip and direction, the 3-D model from which vertical slice 407 isderived can be updated.

FIG. 4D illustrates an example of a ‘Predictive Image Log’ (PIL) wheredata from sectors around a well bore are arranged to provide an image ofthe borehole 26. Borehole images may be constructed using severaltechniques and tools, including but not limited to acoustic andresistivity tools.

The method and system of the present invention provide the capability torevise the resistivity forward-response models on location as real-timedata updates provide knowledge of the reservoir. This allows for tuningthe models as required during the drilling process to maintain oracquire an accurate location of critical bed boundaries, and forreal-time updates to the Predictive Stratigraphic Image. Calculations ofthe distance of the wellbore to the nearest bed boundaries may beincorporated further aiding in evaluating the position of the wellborerelative to the drilling objectives. Ideally, real-time updates ofMWD/LWD data are incorporated directly into the 3-D model and PredictiveStratigraphy Images. Survey, logging data and Predictive StratigraphyImages are plotted against the model to illustrate the three dimensionalposition of the wellbore with respect to the spatial distribution of thereservoir, and with respect to reservoir features. Using the constantlyupdated 3-D geologic model and related displays also permit rapidupdates to well plans at the rigsite should that be required.

An advantage provided by the method and system of the present inventionis for real time applications allowing the driller to improvise duringthe drilling process. That is, the driller is no longer confined todrilling a pre-determined course but can alter the well path as requiredto stay within the boundaries of the reservoir and maximize theproductive interval drilled and completed for each well.

The present invention provides for acquiring data and rendering thelithologies for the open cylinder image, the Predictive StratigraphyImage, by obtaining a set of 2D elements to be ‘painted’ using alithological symbol. These 2D elements are selected from areas ofinterest determined by delineating boundaries between features. Theseboundaries between features are determined from the differences invalues from modeled data or acquired borehole data. One of the firststeps is to create a matrix of borehole log or model values that areassociated with True Stratigraphic Depths (TSDs) using model geometry.As a general matter, use of TSD in model and subsurface image creationis understood by practitioners in the art. However, the presentinvention provides a matrix associated with TSDs as illustrated in FIG.5A for each sector (e.g. A-H) for each depth. The ordinate values arechosen in this display as the borehole sectors A through H, and ordinatecells 503 represent measured depth MD. The sector A is the top sectorand sector E is the bottom sector.

FIG. 5B illustrates that each lithological unit 501 (inclusive of topand bottom depths) is contoured based on data from models or boreholelog data. Lithological units may be known a priori, for example takenfrom offset wells. The resulting shapes can be classified into at leastthree types as illustrated in FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 illustrate the basic geometries found in the PredictiveStratigraphic Images. The ‘closed’ types of geometries are the loop andthe incursion. The incursion feature occurs when the well bore traversesalong a bed boundary in the top sector without completely entering thebedding layer above the layer the well path is located within prior tothe incursion. The loop is similar in that it represents an area inwhich a bedding boundary is encountered in the bottom sector of the wellbore path, again without completely entering the adjoining bedding orstructural layer. A third geometry is the open segment 6A which isrepresentative of a feature that is entirely crossed by the wellpath.This represents the situation where the well path has entered adifferent adjoining bedding/structural layer or a fault. A subsequentopen segment encountered in the well path may represent where thefeature, (bedding layer, structural feature, geological fault) has beenexited. Thus, the log measurements made at a plurality of drillingdepths and a plurality of azimuthal sectors are partitioned into aplurality of regions wherein a value of the log measurements issubstantially similar. There is a lithologic property associated witheach of these regions that may be determined using methods known in theart.

FIG. 7 illustrates open geometries represented by boundaries 7A, 7B, 7Cand 7D for a Predictive Stratigraphy Image. Along any PredictiveStratigraphy Image the segments along the well path may be closed.Between a terminus AA of the Predictive Stratigraphy Image and opensegment 7A is an area that may be closed, this area 701 may represent aparticular lithology. Other areas that close are area 703 between 7A and7B, area 705 between 7B and 7C, area 707 between 7C and 7D, and finallyarea 709 between 7D and terminus BB. Each of these areas may represent aseparate lithology, as the open geometry features represent beddinglayer boundaries. Even though these areas may represent separatelithologies, they may also represent fault blocks separated by faultplanes or other features.

FIG. 8 illustrates the relationship of the loops and incursionsillustrated in FIG. 6 and how they may be logically delineated as areasin a display view, so that the areas may be most efficiently renderedfor ‘painting.’ Painting is filling in an area, for example graphically,for display or other purposes. The larger areas are rendered first. Thisrequires sorting shapes by decreasing measured depth length (ΔMD). Forthe usual case then, any areas defined between an ‘open geometry’ like8A and 8B will chosen (‘painted’) first with a chosen attribute. Thepainting may be indicative of a lithology. Subsequently, loops orincursions will be painted. The logic then is as illustrated in FIG. 8where ΔMD1>ΔMD2. Shape 1 (which substantially between 8A and 8B withlength approximate to ΔMD1) may be painted first, and then Shape 2(surrounded by apparent boundary 8D with a shape length in the boreholedirection approximate to ΔMD2) may be painted with a second attribute.

When these areas have been determined, lithologies may be assigned toeach area of the Predictive Stratigraphy Image. The present inventionprovides for sharp demarcations between lithological boundaries incontrast to well bore images. The Predictive Lithology Images offer moreconcise information, at the scale of the well bore's radius (forexample, a few decimeters) rather than being at the scale of asubsurface model cross-section's vertical range (which may be tens orhundreds of meters).

FIG. 9A illustrates the Predictive Stratigraphy Image PSI and the PSIrelationships with a borehole 26, a Stratigraphy Cross-section. Forsimplicity, as in previous lithology displays, only two differentlithologies, 401 and 403, are illustrated, and will be appreciated thatan arbitrary number of lithologies or structural features may berepresented. Those versed in the art would appreciate that an intervalsuch as 403 which crosses the wellbore at more than one place is definedby associating a region corresponding to one of those crossings with aregion corresponding to another of the crossings. The PSI is thecircumferential representation of the lithology of the borehole 26 asthe well path traverses the Stratigraphy Cross-section. The ‘top’ sectoris represented as the top of the PLI, thereby forming an incursiongeometry (reference FIG. 6). The Stratigraphy Cross-section may becreated from data prior to drilling and then updated as information fromdrilling operations is available. Open geometries 91, 93, 98 and 99 areillustrated representing the well path crossing bedding layers. Thegeometry loop 95 and incursion 97 illustrate the borehole 26 as itpartially enters the bedding layer ‘below’ and touches the bedding layer‘above’ respectively.

FIG. 9B illustrates the Predictive Stratigraphy Image PSI of FIG. 9A andthe PSI relationships with a borehole 26, a Stratigraphy Cross-section,a Property Cross-section and a Property Image Log PLI. The PredictiveStratigraphy Image PSI is a lithological representation around thecircumference of the borehole 26 as it passes through the StratigraphicCross-section as illustrated in FIG. 9A.

The Predictive Stratigraphy Image supplements other geosteering relatedcomponents: Cross-section in gradients based on a reservoir property;Lithological cross-section to which it brings precision (scale andinformation on the third dimension); Combined with a real-time“image-log” it helps in comparing and validating the model. The presentinvention provides for intentional directional control of a well basedon the results of data acquired from downhole logging measurements andwill enable operators to keep a directional wellbore within a pay zone.In mature areas, Predictive Stratigraphy Imaging aided geosteering maybe used to keep a wellbore in a particular section of a reservoir tominimize gas or water breakthrough and maximize economic production fromthe well.

FIG. 10 illustrates that a 3-D model may be developed of the subsurface1002. A matrix of True Stratigraphic Depths is created for the model1004. The matrices are contoured with areas of lithology for the 3-Dmodel 1006. The shapes of the areas of lithology are sorted by type1008, after the manner described in FIGS. 6 to 8. ‘Open’ segments areclosed such that lithological areas are determined 1010. Then, the bedor structure the well path is traversing is delimited by area 1012.Finally, each segment area of lithology is rendered to create thePredictive Stratigraphy Image 1014. The Predictive Stratigraphy Imageand the 3-D model may be updated with subsurface data from drillingoperations. The updated 3-D model may be used to predict the earthformation environment ahead of the drill bit 1016 and facilitatesgeosteering the drilling apparatus towards and within desired subsurfacetargets. Those versed in the art would recognize that if the wellborelies substantially within a plane, then the result is a stratigraphiccross-section. If, on the other hand, the wellbore has a trajectory thatdeviates from a plane, then it is possible to get a 3-D image of theformation.

The present invention provides methods and systems for determiningproperties of an earth formation ahead of drilling equipment in aborehole. A model of the earth formation is developed from borehole logdata and any other sources of subsurface information. A matrix ofsectored borehole log values is created that is associated with truestratigraphic depths as measured or acquired along a borehole. Thematrix of values are contoured to determine at least one boundary. Anarea of interest delineated by the at least one boundary is determined.A property of the earth formation represented by the determined area ofinterest is determined. Features and properties of the earth formationahead of the BHA position may be predicted from the developed andupdated model of the earth formation. Updating the model may beaccomplished from sectored data acquired with logging equipment in theborehole as an earth formation is being drilled. Lithology, stratigraphyand structural features may be determined from the combination ofacquired logging values, borehole geometry and shapes of the boundariesseparating areas of interest determined from the matrix values.Properties of the earth formation may be representative of types oflithology or stratigraphy and subsurface structural features likefaults. Predictive Stratigraphy Images may be obtained by renderingareas of interest.

The processing of the measurements made in wireline applications may bedone by a surface processor, by a downhole processor, or at a remotelocation. The data acquisition may be controlled at least in part by thedownhole electronics. Implicit in the control and processing of the datais the use of a computer program on a suitable machine readable mediumthat enables the processors to perform the control and processing. Themachine readable medium may include ROMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, FlashMemories and Optical disks.

The foregoing description is directed to embodiments of the presentinvention for the purpose of illustration and explanation. It will beapparent, however, to one skilled in the art that many modifications andchanges to the embodiment set forth above are possible without departingfrom the scope and the spirit of the invention. It is intended that thefollowing claims be interpreted to embrace all such modifications andchanges.

1. A method of evaluating an earth formation, the method comprising: (a)making log measurements in a borehole at a plurality of drilling depthsand a plurality of azimuthal sectors; (b) identifying a plurality ofregions of the log measurements along the borehole, wherein a value ofthe log measurements within each of the regions is substantiallysimilar; (c) determining a lithological property of the earth formationrepresented by each of the plurality of regions; (d) associating atleast one of the plurality of regions with another one of the pluralityof regions which has a similar value of the log measurements; (e)producing a stratigraphic image of the earth using the association; and(f) storing the produced stratigraphic image of the earth formation incomputer memory.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality ofdrilling depths are substantially limited to a plane and thestratigraphic image further comprises a stratigraphic cross section. 3.The method of claim 1 further comprising determining the lithologicalproperty of the earth formation ahead of a bottom hole assembly (BHA)position from the stratigraphic image of the earth formation.
 4. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: conveying a logging tool into theborehole- and rotating the tool therein to acquire the measurements atthe plurality of drilling depths and the plurality of azimuthal sectors.5. The method of claim 1 wherein identifying the plurality of regionsfurther comprises: (i) defining a two-dimensional matrix using theplurality of azimuthal sectors around circumference of the borehole andthe plurality of drilling depths along the borehole; and (ii) creating asectored borehole log value for each element of the matrix based onborehole log measurement data and associating the value with theelement.
 6. An apparatus for evaluating an earth formation, theapparatus comprising: (a) a logging tool configured to make logmeasurements in a borehole at a plurality of drilling depths and aplurality of azimuthal sectors; and (b) at least on processor configuredto: (I) identify a plurality of regions of the log measurements alongthe borehole, wherein a value of the log measurements within each of theregions is substantially similar; (II) determine a lithological propertyof the earth formation represented by each of the plurality of regions;(III) associate at least one of the plurality of regions with anotherone of the plurality of regions which has a similar value of the logmeasurements; (IV) produce a stratigraphic image of the earth using theassociation; and (V) store the produced stratigraphic image of the earthformation in computer memory.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein theplurality of drilling depths are substantially limited to a plane andthe stratigraphic image further comprises a stratigraphic cross section.8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the at least one processor isfurther configured to determine the lithological property of the earthformation ahead of a bottom hole assembly (BHA) position from thestratigraphic image of the earth formation.
 9. The apparatus of claim 6further comprising: a conveyance device configured to conveying thelogging tool into the borehole- and rotate the tool therein to acquirethe measurements at the plurality of drilling depths and the pluralityof azimuthal sectors.
 10. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the at leastone processor is further configured to define the plurality of regionsby: (i) defining a two-dimensional matrix using the plurality ofazimuthal sectors around circumference of the borehole and the pluralityof drilling depths along the borehole; and (ii) creating a sectoredborehole log value for each element of the matrix based on borehole logmeasurement data and associating the value with the element.
 11. Acomputer-readable medium for use with an apparatus for evaluating anearth formation, the apparatus comprising: (a) a logging tool configuredto make log measurements in a borehole at a plurality of drilling depthsand a plurality of azimuthal sectors; the medium comprising instructionsthat enable at least on processor to: (b) identify a plurality ofregions of the log measurements along the borehole, wherein a value ofthe log measurements within each of the regions is substantiallysimilar; (c) determine a lithological property of the earth formationrepresented by each of the plurality of regions; (d) associate at leastone of the plurality of regions with another one of the plurality ofregions which has a similar value of the log measurements; and (e)produce a stratigraphic image of the earth using the association. 12.The medium of claim 11 further comprising at least one of (i) a ROM,(ii) an EPROM, (iii) an EEPROM, (iv) a flash memory, and (v) an opticaldisk.